![]() ![]() Our goal is to recognize the formal correlation by putting these expressions into a sentence of the form: Property A is positively/negatively correlated with Property B among Population P. ![]() Women who buy guns are much more likely to be murdered. New gun buyers are 57 times more likely to commit suicide.ġ4. In the recent presidential election, former Civil war slave states voted Republican more.ġ3. Black Americans are more likely to be Democrat.ġ2. White Americans are more likely to be Republican.ġ1. People with a college degree are less likely to be religious.ġ0. People who smoke pot are more likely to try heroin.ĩ. People who listen to rap music are more likely to smoke marijuana.Ĩ. People at the doctor’s office are sick at a much higher rate than others.ħ. Having a car wreck is positively correlated with using your windshield wipers among humans.Ħ. Being in the NBA is positively correlated with having big shoes among humans.ĥ. People with efficient public sanitation systems live longer than people without.Ĥ. Babies born to affluent families tend to have higher birth weights.ģ. School children have a higher chance of having asthma if their school is near a hazardous waste site.Ģ. Do not make any assumption of a causal connection.ġ. Think about what they are claiming and what is not being claimed. See if you can recognize the two properties being correlated and the population. Knowing what causes what in the world is at the center of the scientific enterprise/ When we find correlations in the world, the most important question we can ask is why? Why are the rates of the things that have property A that also have property B higher than in the non-A group? What is the connection? If the connection is causal because A causes B, B causes A, or some other third factor causes them both, then we want to identify that causal relationship and understand it. But the rates of drowning in the swimmer and non-swimmer groups is different.Īnd it is this difference in rates that is a correlation, and that suggests more investigation. ![]() There are people who drown in bathtubs and hot tubs too. The claim also does not mean that people do not drown in other circumstances. But the percentage of them that drown is higher than the percentage of the non-swimmers who drown. Notice that "higher" does not mean "Most." "Most" means "greater than 50%." This is not to say that most swimmers drown, obviously. This claim means that if divide humans into the ones who are swimming and the ones who are not, we will find a higher percentage of the swimmers who drown than the non-swimmers. Swimming is positively correlated with drowning among humans. correlated with Property B among population P. When we recognize a positive or negative correlation being argued for in a passage, it will help our analysis if we can put them into a regular form for correlation statements: This means that if we consider the population of humans and divide them into the ones that exercise regularly and the ones who do not, we are less likely to find obesity present among the exercisers than the non-exercisers. Consider this example:Įxercising regularly is negatively correlated with obesity among humans. When a correlation is present in a population, there are two properties that are connected such that if a member of that population has one property, then it is more likely (for positive correlations) to have the other property, or if it is a negative correlation, if a member of the population has one property, then it is less likely to have the other.
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